WASTE TO ENERGY: To estimate the quantity of solid wastes generated in FUTO during the period of study.

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1​Background of the Study

Wastes are materials or things that have been abandoned, disposed of, or are intended for disposal(UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 2011). Garbage or abandoned substances and objects resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and normal day-to-day activity are examples of solid wastes, and a thorough list of such materials can be found here (Bamgbose et al., 2000). Municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are the most widely recognized discarded wastes, and they include all substances or objects thrown away as products of packaging, lawn cuttings, furniture, clothing materials, bottles/glasses, food scraps, electric appliances, newspapers, paint, and batteries, among other things (Afon, 2006). The selection and proper application of appropriate methodology, management policies, and technology to meet specific waste management objectives is characterized as integrated solid waste management (ISWM). Waste characterization studies must be carried out in order for this system to be successful (Tchobanoglous et al., 2002). For efficient MSW collection, transportation equipment selection, energy transformation and recovery, reusable matter recovery, and the right planning and implementation of optimal disposal routes and methods, waste characterization is essential. Variations in people's consumption habits, along with rapid technology improvements, have resulted in variations in MSW generation and composition. MSW differs in quantity and content from one country to the next, from one region to the next, from one neighborhood to the next, and even from one neighborhood to the next.The disparities could be due to income levels, socioeconomic distribution, consumption habits, or people's disposal habits (Banar and Ozkan, 2008). In Nigerian universities, just a sliver of attention has been paid to the composition and generation trends of garbage. Universities are supposed to be the driving force behind initiatives to create clean and welcoming campuses by enacting acceptable waste management regulations (Geng et al., 2013).

Production Of a Low Cost Filtration System (Ceramic Filter Candle) Using Locally Sourced Materials for Household Water Treatment.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground of Study

From the ancient times to the present, water filters evolved out of necessity, first to remove materials that affect appearance, then to improve bad tastes and further to remove contaminants that can cause disease and illness (The Water Exchange, 2012). From the boiling of water to improve taste and then filtering through a cloth bag to the cartridge for removing bacteria from water and the ceramic pot filter developed by Dr. Fernado Mazariegos of the Central American Industrial Research Institute (ICAITI) in Guatemala, to make bacterially contaminated water safe for drinking (Doulton, 1997). Ceramic filters were popularly used for centralized water treatment but in recent times they are being manufactured for point of use application (NAS, 2008) and the World Health Organization encourages it’s use as household water treatment systems (HWTS) for effective treatment of drinking water. Clean water is one of the most important public health measures in providing major controls against infectious diseases apart from Safe food and up-to-date medical care. Estimates suggest that 1.5 billion people out of the world over 6.8 billion lack safe drinking water (Zimmerman et al., 2008). In developing countries, 90 percent of all diseases, which kill millions of children every year, are attributed to dirty water (Norman, 2007). Waterborne diseases (such as cholera, and typhoid fever), kill an estimated 5 million to 10 million people worldwide each year (Marquis et al., 2008). 

Though many factors contribute to water contamination, climate change, poor infrastructures, and failed aid projects continue to exacerbate the problem. Climate change often stresses water supplies in area that are already water scarce, forcing residents to use unsanitary sources (Predis, 2011). In most African countries, recent foreign infrastructure efforts have had a failure rate of well over 50% amounting to several hundred million dollars of lost (Without accounting for the damage to local livelihoods) (UNICEF, 2012).

Conventional piped water has decade away in much of the developing world, as many of the poorest people must collect water outside the home (Sobsey, 2002). The importance and need for improvement of safe drinking water is highlighted by its presence in the United Nations list of Millennium Development Goals (WHO/UNICEF, 2005).

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE VARIOUS METHODS OF WASTE OIL RECOVERY (ENGINE OIL) USING GLACIAL ACETIC ACID AND FORMIC ACID

ABSTRACT

Lubricating oils are viscous liquids used for lubricating moving part of engines and machines. Since lubricating oils are obtained from petroleum – a finite product, and with dwindling production from world oil reserves, the need arises more than ever, to recycle used lubricating oils.

Accordingly, this research work focuses on comparative study of two methods of recycling of used Engine oil using glacial acetic acid and formic acid treatment methods. A recycling process of the used lube oil was carried out which eventually led to comparison of results of the recycled oil with the fresh lube oil using ASTM standards. Tests carried out on the used, fresh and recycled lube oils include: flash point, viscosity at 55°C, specific gravity/density, appearance and pour point. The results show that recycled lubricating oil had the following properties: flash point was 200°C for the acetic and formic acids, as compared with 170°C for untreated oil, Also the pour point of the engine oil using acetic and formic acids are 6°C and 5°C respectively. It has been shown that base oils and oils’ additives are slightly affected by the acetic acid. Upon adding acetic and formic acid to the used oil, two layers were separated, a transparent dark colored oil and a black dark sludge at the bottom of the container. The comparison showed that the recycled oil produced by acetic acid and formic acid treatment showed excellent results in the properties of the oil comparable to the fresh oil.

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERLOCK FROM FLAKES

 

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERLOCK FROM FLAKES

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

 

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

     

ABSTRACT

The need for the construction sector to be sustained by innovative technology targeted at conserving the natural resources and protecting the environment cannot be overemphasized. The use of plastic wastes as binders in the production of interlock bricks has both engineering and environmental implications. The use of interlock bricks produced from plastic wastes is becoming more popular, finding applications in parking areas, compounds, open spaces, streets, and in minor and major roads. The way and manner plastic wastes generated are managed in developing countries especially Nigeria is dangerous and disturbing, due to their non-biodegradable nature. The research is aimed at using plastic wastes as binding groundmass in place of cement in the production of interlock bricks. This will go a long way in solving part of our environmental and ecological problems resulting from indiscriminate dumping of plastic wastes and also reduces the pollution and geographical disturbances that result from the excavation of limestone. Plastic wastes (LDPE type) were melted at high temperatures and mixed in different proportions (70:30, 75:25 and 80:20) with sand to produce sample interlock bricks. The same mold was also used to produce cement interlock bricks as our control for comparative studies. These interlock bricks were subjected to compressive-strength and water-absorption tests. The results of these tests revealed that interlock bricks produced from plastic waste in the form of flakes show better compressive strength and water absorption when compared to the bricks produced from cement. Plastic interlock bricks also showed low water absorption than the cement blocks. The application of plastic waste in the production of interlock brick is an innovative way of disposing plastic waste littered all over the place, thereby cleaning the environment. The cost of plastic waste interlock bricks when compared with cement interlock bricks is stronger, tougher, environmental friendly and economical. The study has clearly established that plastic interlock bricks are better alternative to normal cement interlock bricks.

Production of fertilizer (biosolids) from human excrement for use as soil conditioners.

 

CHAPTER ONE

  INTRODUCTION

 1.1  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The average person excretes 72.5 kg of waste and urinates 500 gallons per year. With a world population of over seven billion people, we're talking about 507.5 billion kg of feces and 3,500 billion liters of urine per year. The single flush of a toilet may easily dispose of many people's wastes. However, the World Health Organization believes that a billion individuals are affected. People who do not have access to sanitation infrastructure defecate in pits and drains all over the world. Human excrement and urine now have immediate access to aquifers, contaminating drinking wells on a regular basis. Sanitation systems that are designed to recover resources in a safe and effective manner can aid in overall resource management in a community. On a scale ranging from a single rural household to a city, a variety of technologies and approaches can be used to acquire hugely beneficial resources and make them usable for safe, beneficial applications that support human well enough and overall sustainable development. But what if organic waste could be kept out of the water and used to generate electricity for farming? Excreta are most commonly used as a manure and soil enhancer in agriculture. This is also known as a "closing the loop" strategy for cleanliness in agriculture. It's an important part of the ecological sanitation strategy. Human feces include a variety of resources, including plant nutrients, organic materials, and energy. This study discusses the modeling of the variable parameters in developing safe fertilizer from human excreta to fertilize farms and gardens, which is especially important in areas without alternative sewage infrastructure.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT  

The indiscriminate disposal of human waste is mostly due to the fact that around one billion people around the world lack access to sanitary amenities rather they defecate in sewers and pits. Human excrement and urine now have immediate access to aquifers, contaminating water wells on a regular basis. If this is not addressed, the rate/level of pollution in the environment will rise to the point where it is unhealthy for everyone. As a result, it is critical that these wastes be processed and repurposed for environmental reasons.

PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC ADHESIVE FROM CASSAVA STARCH

 

PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC ADHESIVE FROM CASSAVA STARCH

THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEDICATION 

This work is dedicated to God Almighty, the giver of life, wisdom and good health for his infinite mercy, guidance and providence throughout the project. 

ABSTRACT

Wet extraction method was used to extract starch from cassava tubers. As a result of the development of several formulas, the highest quality was achieved. The formulations were made using a gelatinization technique, and the grade of the ingredients utilized was varied. The following tests were performed on the formulations: - PH determination; the PH of the formulated adhesive is 6.8, which is quite equivalent. The formulations' solid/moisture content is 19.4 percent and 82.2 percent, respectively, while the standard is 15-30 percent and 65-85 percent. The developed adhesive has a tack duration of 16 minutes, which is equivalent to the industry standard of 15 minutes. The shelf life of the prepared adhesives has exceeded two months and is still appropriate, indicating that it may be comparable to market shelf life. Finally, the compositions' wettability was comparable to that of commercial adhesives.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Cassava, a relatively obscure crop in the old world before to the discovery of America, is quickly assuming the role of world savior, as it is now growing throughout the tropical world. It is now only second to potato as the most significant starchy root crop for food and industry in the tropics. It's eaten raw or cooked in Nigeria, and it's used to make garri, starch flour and a variety of other items (Tonukari, 2004; Grace, 1977). The current drive towards earning foreign exchange from cassava products in Nigeria had raised more awareness on the importance of the crop.

THE CONVERSION OF WASTE PAPER INTO BATHROOM TISSUE

Background of Study

Sustainability is considered to be one of the key priorities for supply chains as it helps companies in improving their financial performance and at the same time attract customers who value sustainability. Furthermore, companies implementing waste prevention programs draw the benefits of savings in material and supply cost, improving employee morale and complying with local or state solid waste regulations. An industry that has been adapting to the increased awareness of sustainability is the tissue paper industry. The adoption includes for instance the introduction of products with 100 % recycled fibre, reduction of water used in the production process and the use of environmental labels.

This case study aims to further look into the sustainability work of a tissue paper manufacturer. In specific, the aim is to obtain a deeper understanding for the material efficiency of the production process and also identify and reduce the material waste in order to improve the efficiency.

After conducting quantitative data collection, it was identified that the most significant material waste is found in the preparation stage of the incoming and consumed mother reels, the log rejecter stage and lastly the log saw stage. The three stages amount to about 85 % of the total material waste. The root cause analysis identified inconsistent work by operators to increase the waste at the preparation stage and the log rejecter stage. Furthermore, technical constraints at the material supplier causes loose ends of the mother reels, which results in more waste at the preparation stage. Other causes that indirectly affect the log rejecter stage include the packaging machine’s technical constraints as well as poor pallets provided by the Logistics department. Lastly, technical constrains in the log saw cause waste for itself and indirectly for the log rejecter stage.

In order to tackle the root causes standardized work should be employed alongside with an increased collaboration amongst the different stake holders of tissue paper manufacturer.

Problem Statement

Although it is generally agreed that wastes management services are essential services that must be provided in every society, nonetheless very little is known on what exactly constitute a waste. Knowing that the concept of waste is highly subjective as one man’s wastes is a resource to another. Hence, it is important to have a clear guide as to what could be classed as waste. The present research therefore examines the concept of wastes and wastes management with a view to determining what waste is, how they are classified and managed.

Desert Palm Date Seeds as a Biodiesel Feedstock

 Desert Palm Date Seeds as a Biodiesel Feedstock: Extraction, Characterization, and Engine Testing

Abstract: 

The development of alternative fuels is increasingly important in order to maintain ongoing global economic and technological progress in the face of fossil fuel depletion and increasing environmental damage. Desert palm date seeds have clear potential as feedstock for biodiesel production given their high oil content and availability as food waste that requires no further cultivation. In this study we investigated the optimum production processes and conditions for date seed oil biodiesel, including characterizing the intermediate product and correcting its composition to meet international fuel standards. Four biodiesel blends were prepared (B5, B10, B15, and B20) and tested in a compression ignition engine at engine speeds from 1600 to 3600 rpm (200 rpm increments) and three engine loads (50%, 75%, and 100%). The highest oil yield and biodiesel conversion achieved were 10.74 wt.% and 92%, respectively. The biodiesel properties conformed well with the standards; the values for brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption were comparable with petrol diesel, though the latter was slightly superior. All blends produced lower levels of CO2, CO, and HC but higher levels of NOx emissions. These results demonstrate the fundamental suitability of date seeds as biodiesel feedstock, deserving of further research.

INTRODUCTION

The rapidly increasing global consumption of liquid fossil fuels suggests that oil reserves may soon be depleted; oil supply shortages may occur by 2020–2030. This presents a dual challenge to humanity: To sustain global economic and technological development without compromising resources for future generations. One specific solution to this challenge is to develop renewable fuels and feedstocks in sufficient amounts to partially or fully supply the needs of industry and transportation.

WASTE TO ENERGY AS A TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

 WASTE TO ENERGY AS A TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

The tremendous rise in municipal solid waste (MSW) and indeed other forms of waste in the fast-growing cities of developing and emerging countries have led to increasing public concerns with regards to the resultant health and environmental impacts. Today, the waste of about 3 billion people is still disposed of in an uncontrolled manner . As citizens and decision makers become more sensitive to environmental pollution and its impact on their quality of life, waste management is gaining importance on the local political agenda. 

Current global MSW generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per year. In Sub Saharan Africa where we belong, the average solid waste generation per person per day is about 0.65kg. This figure on global generation is expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025. This represents a significant increase in per capita waste generation rates, from 1.2 to 1.42 kg per person per day in the next fifteen years. However, global averages are broad estimates only as rates vary considerably by region, country, city, and even within cities. THIS LOOKS SO SCARY, so an urgent attention should be paid to the management of waste.

In view of the above, it is hereby proposed that the project on WASTE TO ENERGY be considered.

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this project include:

to clean up the environment

to generate energy from the wastes thereby contributing to the nation’s  energy mix

 to create jobs