WASTE TO ENERGY: To estimate the quantity of solid wastes generated in FUTO during the period of study.

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1.1​Background of the Study

Wastes are materials or things that have been abandoned, disposed of, or are intended for disposal(UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 2011). Garbage or abandoned substances and objects resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and normal day-to-day activity are examples of solid wastes, and a thorough list of such materials can be found here (Bamgbose et al., 2000). Municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are the most widely recognized discarded wastes, and they include all substances or objects thrown away as products of packaging, lawn cuttings, furniture, clothing materials, bottles/glasses, food scraps, electric appliances, newspapers, paint, and batteries, among other things (Afon, 2006). The selection and proper application of appropriate methodology, management policies, and technology to meet specific waste management objectives is characterized as integrated solid waste management (ISWM). Waste characterization studies must be carried out in order for this system to be successful (Tchobanoglous et al., 2002). For efficient MSW collection, transportation equipment selection, energy transformation and recovery, reusable matter recovery, and the right planning and implementation of optimal disposal routes and methods, waste characterization is essential. Variations in people's consumption habits, along with rapid technology improvements, have resulted in variations in MSW generation and composition. MSW differs in quantity and content from one country to the next, from one region to the next, from one neighborhood to the next, and even from one neighborhood to the next.The disparities could be due to income levels, socioeconomic distribution, consumption habits, or people's disposal habits (Banar and Ozkan, 2008). In Nigerian universities, just a sliver of attention has been paid to the composition and generation trends of garbage. Universities are supposed to be the driving force behind initiatives to create clean and welcoming campuses by enacting acceptable waste management regulations (Geng et al., 2013).

Production Of a Low Cost Filtration System (Ceramic Filter Candle) Using Locally Sourced Materials for Household Water Treatment.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground of Study

From the ancient times to the present, water filters evolved out of necessity, first to remove materials that affect appearance, then to improve bad tastes and further to remove contaminants that can cause disease and illness (The Water Exchange, 2012). From the boiling of water to improve taste and then filtering through a cloth bag to the cartridge for removing bacteria from water and the ceramic pot filter developed by Dr. Fernado Mazariegos of the Central American Industrial Research Institute (ICAITI) in Guatemala, to make bacterially contaminated water safe for drinking (Doulton, 1997). Ceramic filters were popularly used for centralized water treatment but in recent times they are being manufactured for point of use application (NAS, 2008) and the World Health Organization encourages it’s use as household water treatment systems (HWTS) for effective treatment of drinking water. Clean water is one of the most important public health measures in providing major controls against infectious diseases apart from Safe food and up-to-date medical care. Estimates suggest that 1.5 billion people out of the world over 6.8 billion lack safe drinking water (Zimmerman et al., 2008). In developing countries, 90 percent of all diseases, which kill millions of children every year, are attributed to dirty water (Norman, 2007). Waterborne diseases (such as cholera, and typhoid fever), kill an estimated 5 million to 10 million people worldwide each year (Marquis et al., 2008). 

Though many factors contribute to water contamination, climate change, poor infrastructures, and failed aid projects continue to exacerbate the problem. Climate change often stresses water supplies in area that are already water scarce, forcing residents to use unsanitary sources (Predis, 2011). In most African countries, recent foreign infrastructure efforts have had a failure rate of well over 50% amounting to several hundred million dollars of lost (Without accounting for the damage to local livelihoods) (UNICEF, 2012).

Conventional piped water has decade away in much of the developing world, as many of the poorest people must collect water outside the home (Sobsey, 2002). The importance and need for improvement of safe drinking water is highlighted by its presence in the United Nations list of Millennium Development Goals (WHO/UNICEF, 2005).